Several years ago a group of men made a study of the many different religious bodies found in North America. Their findings were published in a national magazine. They listed some 1200 groups haying two or more churches of the same fellowship. Many independent single congregations not affiliated with any other church should be added to this total.
Often in conversations I have had, people have asked. “Why are there so many different churches?” This is a valid question and needs to be answered. Members or leaders having doctrinal differences often start new churches. Personality conflicts or procedural differences often bring division in an established group. When did division in the church first begin? To better understand the formation of differing churches today, it would be best to go back and review the primitive church as it is described in the Bible.
THE CHURCH 1900 YEARS AGO
Ephesians chapters 1 and 3 tell of God’s looking forward to the coming of the church where both Jews and Gentiles could be united in one body. The Lord had planned the church from the foundation of the world, Ephesians 1:4. The prophets spoke of the Messiah and His kingdom, Deuteronomy 18:18-19; Isaiah 9:6-7. Jesus said after Peter had confessed Him as the Christ. “Upon this rock, (Peter’s confession of Jesus), I will build my church,” Matthew 16:18. Later Paul would say that Jesus had purchased the church with His own blood, Acts 20:28. In Acts 2:47 we see the saved being added to the church. Jesus had prepared His disciples for three and a half years to go preach the gospel so that the lost could be saved and added to the church.
BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE CHURCH 1900 YEARS AGO
Jesus said, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature,” Mark 16:15. Jesus, during His earthly ministry, had been telling His disciples that He would be killed and raised the third day, Matthew 16:21. They never really understood until He appeared to them after His resurrection, Luke 24:44-49. On the first Pentecost (a Jewish feast day) after His resurrection, Peter told those present of Jesus’ death and resurrection, Acts 2:22-36. The crowd, many of who had earlier cried, “Crucify Him,” asked what to do to get right with God, v. 37. He replied that they were to repent and be immersed in water so that their sins would be forgiven and they could receive the gift of the Holy Spirit, v. 38. When the people heard “repent” they knew that they would have to change their direction in life and begin to serve the risen Christ, Luke 9:23. Without hesitation their faith led them to be buried with Christ in baptism, Romans 6:3-4, and three thousand obeyed the gospel that day, Acts 2:41.
WITH WHAT CHURCH DID THE EARLY FOLLOWERS UNITE?
As the early church began to grow, all those converted to Jesus were added to the body of believers known as the Church, Acts 5:11. At that time there was only one church or body of believers, Ephesians 4:4. Descriptive terms later would identify the church as belonging to Christ or God, Romans 16:16; 1 Corinthians 1:2. The members were sons and daughters of God, 2 Corinthians 6:18, who proudly wore the name of the one who died for them, that is Christian, Acts 11:26.
WORSHIP IN THE EARLY CHURCH
Those believers who were baptized into Christ, Galatians 3:26-27, knew that they were expected to assemble on the first day of the week for worship, Hebrews 10:23-25. Worship on the first day of the week consisted of the Lord’s Supper and preaching, Acts 20:7, singing and praying, 1 Corinthians 14:15 and giving of their means, 1 Corinthians 16:1-2. Their worship of God continued through the week in purity of life, Christian service, fellowship, and teaching the lost, Acts 2:42; Romans 12:1-2; Acts 5:42.
GOD’S ORGANIZATION.FOR THE CHURCH
The Lord designed a very simple organization for His Church. It consisted of bishops and deacons, Philippians 1:1. Before a person could be appointed to either position, he must meet the qualifications given in 1 Timothy 3:1-13. The bishops, called elders or pastors, were overseers of the local congregation with which they worked, 1 Peter 5:1-3. The preacher or evangelist worked under the oversight of these bishops, 2 Timothy 4:2-5. The preachers could be and often were, single men. The bishops had to be married and were to have children who had become Christians, Titus 1:5-6.
GUIDELINES FOR THE CHURCH 1900 YEARS AGO
As letters from the inspired writers were circulated among the churches, they were carefully copied and preserved until the New Testament was completed. Jesus had already said that the seed was the Word of God, Luke 8:11. When the scriptures were planted in the mind of those lost in sin, it often produced fruit-another Christian.
Statements written by the authors of the New Testament warned God’s people not to go beyond what is written in His Word, 1 Corinthians 4:6. Other writings told of an impending departure from the teachings of the Bible, 2 Timothy 4:3-5. Paul was more specific in his statement recorded in 1 Timothy 4:1-4. To show God’s disdain for human teachings that are contrary to His instruction in the Bible, He calls these doctrines of men, doctrines of demons. One would expect from this reference given that these departures would be very wicked in nature. On the contrary, as far as man is concerned, the falling away described here is unimportant. Listen, “…forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats.” As far as God was concerned these teachings originated with Satan. Today we find denominations practicing these very doctrines as if they originated with God, yet man is unconcerned even though they are clearly condemned in the scriptures.
JESUS’ PRAYER FOR UNITY GOES UNHEEDED
Jesus prayed that all his followers would unite in one body of believers so that the world would be convinced that He really did die for the sins of the whole world, John 7:20-21. Even in the early church, men began to divide into factions, 1 Corinthians 1:10-15. Letters written to these churches were sent to keep the disciples pure in conduct and doctrine. Man gradually began to depart from the faith as God said he would, Acts 20:29-30.
GRADUALLY DEPARTING FROM GODS TEACHING
The first doctrinal change in the church started with its organization. In the second century, the bishops of the churches began to elevate one bishop above the others and select him to represent his church when they met in councils. Eventually archbishops were elected from these men and that led to what is now called the papacy. The introduction of “Holy Water,” 120 AD; calling the church Roman Catholic, end of 3rd century; prayers for the dead, 300 AD; calling the chief bishop, pope, 606 AD; and sprinkling for baptism, 1311 AD. Many other departures were introduced into the church in the first several centuries that are not listed here. Seeds of division were sown in the fifth and sixth centuries when the ‘separated’ eastern churches became divided from the main body of the Catholic Church.
THE ORTHODOX CHURCH EMERGES
In 1054 the Orthodox Church of the East broke away from Roman Catholic control. The primary reason for the break was to show disdain for the claim that the pope could not err in religious matters. In place of the pope, a man referred to as a Patriarch would now rule the Eastern Church. He enjoys a position of special honor among all the Orthodox communities; but does not have the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other churches. The Orthodox Church retained the Catholic teaching of ‘original sin’ (a false doctrine that stated we inherit sin from Adam). This church insisted on total immersion when baptizing. In the book, The Orthodox Church by Timothy Ware, a priest in this church states,”….the priest immerses the infant in the front….Orthodox are greatly distressed by the fact the western Christendom, abandoning the primitive practice of baptism by immersion, is now content merely to pour a little water over the candidate’s forehead,” Page 284. The Roman Catholic had instrumental music in their worship; however, note the following on page 274. “In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found Even though some return to scriptural practices was restored, many Catholic traditions were retained in the Orthodox Church.
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
By the year 1400, many human traditions had been added to the Roman Catholic doctrines. Reaction to these human dogmas caused even the priesthood of the Roman Church to rebel. One such person was Martin Luther, a Catholic monk. He nailed to the door at Wittenberg, Germany, some 95 false practices of the Catholic Church. He had tried to reform the existing church, but it would not budge from its traditions. The Pope ordered that Luther’s writings be burned and he be declared an outlaw; Lutheran Catechism entitled “March of Faith” by lnez Steen, page 62. Luther continued the Catholic tradition of sprinkling, even though he understood immersion to be the teaching of the scriptures. Congregational singing and participation in both elements of the Lord’s Supper were restored by Luther. However, his rejection of the works system of Catholicism carried him to a “Faith only” doctrine and his rejection of the book of James especially 2:24. Today the Lutheran Catechism is the guide for that church.
CALVINISM AND THE REFORMATION
Both Calvin and Knox were instrumental in promoting the doctrines that later would be the heart of the Presbyterian Church. Calvinism taught that man was totally depraved and that God had predestined all humans to heaven or to hell. This meant that man could not make the decision to become a follower of God if He had already decided that the person would go to hell. The Presbyterian Church had its beginning sometime in the 1550’s. Luther had rejected the Catholic doctrine of “Transubstantiation’ (bread and fruit of the vine becoming the literal body and blood of Jesus). Calvin rejected Luther’s consubstantiation (communion represents the body and blood of Jesus). He believed it reminded us of the body and blood of Jesus. From the Presbyterian Church began eventually the Reformed Church in America, 1619 and other reform groups. These churches still practiced sprinkling for baptism but rejected images in their church buildings as practiced by Catholics and Lutherans.
THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
This denomination arose because King Henry VIII could not persuade the pope to allow him to divorce his wife and marry Ann Boleyn. After his excommunication, the king secured from parliament the passage of acts allowing a new denomination to form in England in 1535. Because of the former strong ties with Catholicism, this church retained many of the traditions of it. Later, the Congregational Church, 1608 and the Episcopal would form from this church in 1609. In an attempt at union some in the Congregational Church and Presbyterian Church tried to merge and form the United Brethren Church.
THE BAPTIST CHURCHES
The Baptist Churches had their foundation in both Holland and England in the early 1600’s. Surprisingly, unlike today’s Baptist Churches, some sprinkled water on infants—called pedobaptists. Others, called Anti-pedobaptists insisted on total immersion and still others called Anabaptists sprinkled adults who had been sprinkled as infants. John Smyth had been a member of the Church of England and had to flee to Holland because of his attempts to bring the church closer to Bible teaching. In 1611 he returned to England and after pouring water on himself he did the same for his followers. Some 30 years later they began to immerse. They were called Baptists.
There are differing doctrines that divided the Baptist Church into many factions. The most prominent doctrine to emerge from those formulating Baptist doctrine was to teach that the lost could be saved by simply receiving Christ in his heart prior to ones response in baptism. The Primitive Baptist believes that one is saved by grace alone without faith as a condition for salvation. “What Primitive Believe” by. Elder Lasserre Bradley, Jr., page 5.
THE METHODIST CHURCH APPEARS
John Wesley, dissatisfied with the rituals of the Church of England, formed a society of followers in 1729 in London, England. Many of the doctrines of the Church of England were incorporated in the Articles of Faith in the Methodist Discipline. One of the articles states, “Wherefore, that we are justified by faith only is a most whole- some doctrine, and very full of comfort,” Article 9. See James 2:24 regarding this article. Churches were dividing within their respective groups, sometimes altering the name by which they were called or by picking a new name. For example some Lutheran Churches divided into synods such as Missouri Synod and American Lutheran Church while the Methodist Church produced names like the Wesleyan Church and the Free Methodist Church.
LATTER DAY SAINTS
Unlike the churches that had formed during the reformation, churches claiming to have an inspired prophet began to arise in the 19th century.
Joseph Smith founded the church called The Latter Day Saints in 1830. Since that time over 100 churches have been formed which claim to be the true Latter Day Church. It is interesting to note that the reason that this church was to be the truly restored church was because it had a prophet to protect it from error. Yet when one visits Independence, Missouri, he finds three latter day groups within a stone’s throw of each other. They all have their own apostles (12 each), their own prophets (to keep the church from error), and their own written handout telling why the other followers of Joseph Smith are in apostate churches. Those headquartered out of Salt Lake City, Utah were called Mormons. Their teachings on the Godhead have varied since the 1830’s. The original Doctrine and Covenants taught that the Father was a spirit personage, 1835 edition, page 53. Now the Mormon god has a body of flesh and bone. One of the early Mormon apostles taught that Jesus was married at Cana and had several wives, “Journal of Discourses”, Vol. 4, pages 259, 260. Other claimed inspired writings teach that Jesus was the spirit brother of Satan born to the ‘Heavenly Father and one of his wives.’ Joseph Smith and those that followed him invented many other doctrines foreign to the Bible.
SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISM IS BORN
The work of William Miller in the 1840’s led to a small group of followers who believed the Lord would return between March 21, 1843, and March 21, 1844. After their calculations failed, others tried to set dates. A small group meeting in Washington, NH began to observe the 7th. Day as enjoined on the Israelites. Among those meeting was a woman named Ellen G. White. She claimed while in a trance she experienced visions regarding the Ten Commandments and saw a halo around the 4th Commandment regarding the Sabbath. The group she founded became known as the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in 1846. Several Sabbatarian groups have been formed from this parent church; two are The World Wide Church of God founded by the late Herbert W. Armstrong in 1931, and The Assemblies of Yahweh formed by Jacob O. Meyer in 1966.
THE JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES ARE FORMED
Charles Taze Russell founded a sect called the Millennial Dawnists in 1884. In 1931 the name was changed to Jehovah’s Witnesses. Like the Sabbatarian Churches, they reject the doctrine of hell, the spirit of man existing after death, and also have been distinguished as a group who has mistakenly set dates for the Lord’s Second Advent.
THE PENTECOSTAL CHURCHES BEGAN TO APPEAR
Although not Pentecostal in nature, the Church of God, Anderson, Indiana, was formed in 1880. They teach that one comes to Christ through faith and repentance and then later is baptized as a Christian.
In 1886 the Church of God, Cleveland, Tennessee, formed from people who left existing denominations to seek a Pentecostal experience. They began to teach that evidence of conversion was accompanied by speaking in tongues. They take a very strong stand against a person being immersed in water for remission of sins, and will require rebaptism. Manual of Instruction by Ralph Day. Section 107.
The United Pentecostal Church was founded in Topeka, Kansas, in 1899. In 1914 there came to this same group a ‘revelation’ that there was only one personage in the Godhead and that he was manifested as the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. They then began to verbalize over those being baptized, “I baptize you in the name of Jesus (only).”
That same year the Assembly of God Church was begun. They reject the Church of God’s teaching that one must speak in tongues to be saved. However, they encouraged their candidates to pray for the baptism of the Holy Spirit and this was to be evidenced by speaking in tongues. Today many Pentecostal type churches are found throughout the world.
WHAT CAN I DO?
Churches have divided, split, or tried uniting together as new or nondenominational churches. God’s Word teaches us to allow His Bible to instruct us, correct us, rebuke us, and to be used as our only source of doctrine, 2 Timothy 3:16. One must ask himself, “Am I open minded enough to let His Word correct me?”
Approaching the Lord’s teaching with preconceived ideas often embitters the individual against obeying God. One individual, after seeing a translation that used the word ‘immerse’ rather than ‘baptize’ (there are over 10 English versions that use the word immerse), grew very angry with the individual who pointed this out. Who did she really get angry at?
The Lord made it clear in 2 Timothy 4:2-4 that man would not continue to endure sound doctrine. As one approaches God’s Word, he must not accept just what he wants to hear rather than the whole counsel of God, Acts 20:27.
RESTORING THE CHURCH AS IT WAS 1900 YEARS AGO
The greatest challenge a Christian could make to one involved in denominationalism is to be like the Bereans, search the scriptures with the same attitude they had, Acts 17:10-12. Once you have responded to the Lord’s teaching, then you will be able to give an answer to everyone that asks you why you have changed your faith, 1 Peter 3:15. The plea of the churches of Christ has been to go back 1900 years and restore the church as the pattern unfolds in the scriptures.
If you would like to come out of denominationalism and help us restore the church, contact the church in your community.
Copyright 1986
Bob Danklefsen
3-22-90, Revised 9-15










